To add some experimental data to the other answers, your problem is specifically with Surface Book exactly because Surface Dock has two USB hubs. I, too, have a Surface Dock with a Surface Book and that's what I see in the Device Manager when I connect a mouse to the dock:
The highlighted hubs belong to the Surface Dock, I verified it by connecting the mouse directly to one of the ports in the Surface Base.
Thus you have:
- Surface Dock - 2 hubs
- Monitor - at least 1 hub
- 10-port USB Hub - at least 2 hubs, since, as mentioned in other answers, one hub can have maximum 7 ports
So at the very minimum you have 5 hubs. Probably the monitor has more than one hub, and that's why you are getting the error.